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- Scaling Fundamentals — Vertical vs horizontal scaling, back-of-the-envelope estimation, capacity planning, the practical scaling path
- Load Balancing — L4 vs L7, algorithms (round robin, least connections, power of two choices), health checks, session affinity
- Caching Strategies — Cache-aside, write-through, write-behind, cache invalidation (TTL, event-based, version-based), CDN, real-world examples
- Message Queues and Event Streaming — Message queues (RabbitMQ, SQS) vs event streaming (Kafka, Redpanda), point-to-point vs pub/sub, partitions, ordering, replay
- Microservices vs Monolith — Detailed comparison, Conway's Law, migration strategies (strangler fig), API gateways, service mesh (Istio, Linkerd), real-world migrations (Netflix, Amazon, Shopify)
- System Design Case Studies — URL shortener, real-time chat system, news feed. Step-by-step walkthroughs: requirements, estimation, architecture, data model, API design. Twitter timeline evolution, WhatsApp architecture
